Jieshang
with the theory itself for the means, (that contains the most established theoretical argument) is considered to be relatively superior. Any elected, then we give a higher evaluation of this theory. The on grid. Just as people have a personality, like the state-owned national status, theory has it on the grid. a rigorous and complete theory, with a non-strict, no complete theory of the difference is everyone feel, and does not require profound knowledge as a basis. Although Einstein talking about the theory of natural science, The Programme of criticism The program of the party fall. by the middle of the distribution, then this passage is the equivalent of the exchange of goods also pass the same principle, namely, a form of a certain amount of labor can be another form of an exchange of equal labor. in accordance with the principle of equal rights here is still the bourgeois right. . The irony is that most r l authority itself, proved that they are anti-Marxist, anti-Mao Zedong Thought and political swindlers. correct, an important factor is to see whether it can correctly anticipate the future. real life, all kinds of absurd arguments and more, if have to wait for practice to test a variety of fraud will inevitably become very popular. D theory itself is a excellent example, if you have to wait for the basic restoration of capitalism, and in order to evaluate it, would not on the D, when it? However, people are smart, they might be by examining the theory of D cells, or put it Marxism in contrast, has long seen the D theoretical question.
Let's look at an adherent of the theory of specific examples of practical guidance. Nanjie leader Wang Hongbin, although only on a small high, but knowledge of non- with the general. He should uphold the public ownership in explaining why, said: do not say the first two sentences, the words of the first two sentences in accordance with the past, there is no class character, no matter what the doctrine, are emancipate and develop productive forces. The key is, after three, to eliminate exploitation, elimination of polarization and achieve common prosperity. This requires us to develop the public economy. the development of private economy, could not be eliminated exploitation and polarization could not be eliminated, fail to realize common prosperity. Ding told the author in 1993, a Sichuan folk song, entitled
D is also worth to mention that the socialist theory problems caused by ambiguity. Originally, the concept of socialism, from utopian socialism to scientific socialism, from Owen, Fourier, and Albert Einstein to George Bernard Shaw, from the Marx Engels to Lenin and Mao Zedong, is more or less clear. However, after D-hands, it seems that what is socialism have become a problem. academic hardest hit are those who ordered the official theory of interpretation D scholars. in New York's annual Socialist Scholars Conference, American scholars often see the irony of the comment. They will have the official Chinese scholars said: President Bush is the president of a socialist country, the United States is now engaged in the United States a socialist characteristics. consistent, inconsistent words and deeds do not have the theoretical rigor and integrity. like Gorbachev's new thinking, like, D can only rely on the theoretical power to implement, once the outbreak of the crisis of capitalist restoration, and its death is also to. D theory then becomes a rare negative example.
six, and then test the truth of theory
need no doubt, efforts to study, they said in the text, and irrelevant to the change of Marx and Engels Grace is absolutely impossible to put their ?
like science, like epistemology, the epistemology of dialectical materialism never worship absolute authority. Therefore, in the dialectical materialist theory of knowledge seems, any doctrine, when it had just been made are in the status of the hypothesis. very It is strange that Marxist theory of the so-called D, but why not Kengqi, and not tested, it really is to look at the D not a theory as truth?
Let us look at Lenin in his earlier article was how to treat Marx historical materialism made.
Lenin quoted Marx's genius idea. Of course, this time for the time being only a hypothesis, but is a first time make it possible to treat the history of great scientific and social problems hypothesis. , this assumption is the first time that the level of science of sociology. relations due to the high productivity in order to have a reliable basis for the development of the social formation as the natural historical process. ) research material. He removed all the socio-economic form of a shape (that is, goods of the economy) to be studied, and according to a large number of materials (he spent no less than twenty-five years of effort to study these materials) the activities of this form of law and the law of development to do a very detailed analysis. principle. that is really smart too much.
relationship to discourse, to the neglect of relative truth and absolute truth, from the relationship of discourse, perhaps it is only a one-sided. Here is not worth to comment on the article on the absolute and relative note, I am afraid of themselves incomprehensible. key is that the author did not simply content to distinguish between different problems. practice standards in the truth of what the role of the inspection process? practice standards in the development process of the truth, what is? these two issues did not say the same thing, can not be confused . Therefore, any symptoms. This standard is uncertain that l r, so as not absolutely people's knowledge into l r, while it is true that so with all the variants of idealism and agnosticism ruthless struggle. dogma, or can not change things forever. But at the same time, the relative truth and absolute truth contains elements, contains the draw a line and agnostics.
for any system of thought is constrained by historical conditions, the so-called development of the truth, but is starting from today's relative truth, to tomorrow's higher level of relative truth only. In this way, immediately encounter a problem: how is the new truth out? content contained in this issue than the go together.
said before, the pursuit of truth, the process can be divided into three phases: discovery and verification of truth, that hypothesis was proved to be the truth; learn and use the truth, that the use of truth to guide practice; exploration and develop the truth, that to tomorrow's higher level of relative truth. When we talk about the development of truth, our starting point is already in the hands of relative truth. That being the case, said that ;, is it a bit alarmist, shallow and fickle it? truth, not easy to develop the truth is even harder. the truth of history are subject to re-test conditions, sometimes for hundreds of years have first class would have to wait for a return. can never be like changing clothes, today the truth with a Tang tomorrow with a river of truth, another non-stop every day. And, the development is not simply abandon the truth the truth of the past, often can only be used in expanding the areas covered by the truth has not started This is in the natural sciences even more obvious.
Let us look, how scientists look at new theories and the relationship between the old theory.
Einstein said that if the achievements, it is unjust. new theory not only pointed out the advantages of the old theory also point out its limitations, and so that we can regain a higher level of theory the concept of their old. Newton's gravitational theory, he commented: support the old theory of all observations, also support the general theory of relativity. our new theory of higher level back to the old theory. the way you found in your era, a man of high thinking and creative people can find the only way. you have created the concept, and even today still guiding our thinking in physics, although We now know that if you want a more in-depth understanding of the linkages, it must be some other far away from the concept of direct experience in the field to replace these concepts. happens to be the most appropriate person to appreciate the old theory.
then, at what time, theorists should abandon the old theory, and focus on the creation of new theory? Einstein said the following words: This example is the atomic theory) production, not to leave the experience and independent; it can not be purely logical process derived from experience. It is produced by the creative act out. Once a theoretical concept, the people may wish to grasp it, until it led to an untenable conclusion so far. because it met the old theory can not explain the phenomenon, its limitations have emerged.
But what is forcing us to design one after another theory? design theory of why we actually do?
Einstein replied: things. When we met with the existing theory can not explain the r to l new facts, the first thing required is a new theory. But this new theory of motivation, can be said to be trivial, imposed from the outside to their work. There is also a smaller importance of the comparison is not even subtle motives. This is the premise of the whole theory seeks to unify and simplify. advocates can not understand things. people create new theories, is not always the experience of forced, not forced to create in order to explain the phenomenon at that time can not explain. people create new theories, but also may experience from the different ways departure, including some of the old theory are not satisfied, the premise that the old theory is not enough, immediately see the old theory of defects, and greatly expand the people's vision.
theoretical innovation in a specific process, we may be new facts and new discoveries, to corner the old theory, forcing theory home to create a new theory; may be theory theorists see the old format is not enough of a complete, thus attempting to open up new trails. the development of scientific theory, experience is an important way, but not the only way.
To test the truth, is not easy, but do not always operate, because, truth is not really that part is not easily apparent. then test requires a high degree of truth, is not only a new theoretical level, also includes the necessary external conditions for the historical practice. the truth in a very long period of time reflects the objective world of human nature and correct understanding of the law, only in the new historical conditions are ripe, the truth is not really that part of the will emerge.
To illustrate this point, there is a need to look at re-examination of the well-known instance of truth .1911, Einstein had calculated, the light in the sun under the influence of gravitational field, will occur the deflection of 0.85 arc seconds , just, and Newton's optical emission as the result of .1915, his general theory of relativity established, he was under the field equations, calculate the deflection of light near the sun is 1.7 arc seconds. That was when the First World War Einstein in Berlin, can not imagine his vision would be confirmed by British scientists.
director of Cambridge Observatory, Eddington, Einstein in 1916 was an article on the general theory of relativity, he not only fascinated by of relativity, but also to the British scholar describes theory of relativity. in the Astronomer Royal on behalf of the Johnson's support, Eddington had a bold idea, to organize an operation by British scientists sign team, to prove that a German scientist theory. even though they do not yet know when to end the war, but on behalf of Morrison that the May 29, 1919 total solar eclipse will occur, it would be an excellent opportunity.
Fortunately, the expedition team in early March 1919 when the departure from Liverpool, the war was over. expedition divided into two groups, one group went to the northern outskirts of town Sobral in Brazil, another group led by the Eddington himself went West coast of Africa near the equator Principe island. until September that year, two pictures of the expedition looks, after careful comparison, analysis, calculation, and finally the results obtained. Eddington that the experimental results than the slightly larger than 1.7 arc seconds, and the Einstein theory of relativity to the test is expected to be fit.
1919 年 11 月 6 afternoon, distinguished members of the Royal Society and a member of the Royal Astronomical Society, the official meeting, only one question, eclipse observations reported. Participants will understand, the report may be an important historical event. The meeting was one of the academic dean of the President of the Royal Society, discoverer of the electron Thomson presided over behind him, a sharp portrait of Newton stares at the venue. venue solemn atmosphere is like an ancient Greek drama. people feel, founded by Newton's great scientific concepts, two centuries later, perhaps the first time to accept the changes.
Astronomer Royal, on behalf of the Johnson more to report the discovery of specific astronomical observations. However, the conclusion is very simple: Of course, people will be skeptical. However, Thomson set the tone for the great man, he declared, Einstein's theory of relativity scientific experiments? Why gravitational bending of light due to areas the test, even making Thomson, on behalf of Morrison that scientists accept the theory of relativity? do not understand the logic of power theory, it is difficult to understand this. These include ; of the authors. the importance of standards of practice and speak about does not mean that we can develop the truth. theory of general relativity, though not because of the pressure generated by the experience, and its theory predicted, but in order to test Newton's theory provides the possibility. anti- Conversely, if the general theory of relativity did not produce, Eddington eclipse even looks photo, Wuli mist will fall if I do not know how to interpret.
well-known example of the history of science, to standard, . They were to consider themselves noble, truths that can allow them to explain both the high-handed and foolish, and their own sit idle, but also allow others to criticize. even after three decades, there are still people with a feather when the authority arrow, the ; as an imperial edict to spread around.
seven, the scientific spirit of a ruler over
only for and innovative spirit is the spirit of seeking the truth, it is consistent and dialectics, no worship of any authority, by its very nature, it is critical and revolutionary. In this sense, this spirit is to build a powerful modern socialist new China indispensable. But this scientific spirit in the past three decades, actually into the Lenggong, returning to the land of China. The most obvious one of the reasons is a rich, comprehensive, lively dialectical materialist epistemology, is empiricism, and pragmatic epistemology instead. pragmatism that ; Practice is the sole criterion of truth Communist China's guiding ideology, Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought by the conversion into D Marxist theory of false. This false theory of Marxism, the practice under the guidance of the practice of socialism must be false, the implementation of such a false socialism, true capitalism Communist Party will inevitably be converted into leave the Communist Party, revisionist party.
Lenin epistemological debate the substance of the different factions have very keen observation. In his : , is also a party spirit. need, but they can not find anyway. Lenin mentioned in the book is indeed a description of the role on standards of practice. but these things are not useful to them. because, well aware of the epistemological complexity of Lenin, for what is ; and so on, Lenin pointed out that different factions have different philosophical understanding and answers. And Lenin's attitude towards the truth is almost , followed Lenin said: a road. hh but standards of practice, that all the capitalist countries in recent decades, as evidenced by the development process is an objective truth, but the entire social and economic theories of Marx, rather than a part of them, a presentation and so on , hh from the objective truth of Marx's theory is that the Marxist view of the agreed departure, the only conclusion can be drawn is: follow the path of Marx's theory, we will be closer and closer to objective truth (but It will never end); and follow any other path, in addition to confusion and error, we get nothing. Truth is confirmed by the results of practice, since the capitalist countries, the development process for decades to prove that Marxism is an objective truth, then only along the path guided by the truth, that is, the guide along the road of Marxism forward, we might be progressively closer to the objective truth; and along the guidelines of any other theory of the path, in addition to confusion and error in addition, there will be no other result. On the contrary, they are not to be along the direction of truth, but to continue to test along the direction of truth, they do not follow the standard practice direction guidelines. They play here again a little trick of substituting one concept is should not be put along the path of Marxism proposition, the replacement of Marxism should be the test of practice should not accept the proposition.
Not only that, the authors have more direct conflict with Lenin's place. Lenin apparently not in favor of the standards The only standard obstruct continue the revolution under the dictatorship of the theory and the Cultural Revolution, which is not difficult to understand. However, they do anything to achieve political purposes, to promote the philosophy that they themselves are not necessarily the correct view, it is absolutely unforgivable.
for Mao Zedong on continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat theory, even if the important can be proved predictable. awareness of the Cultural Revolution, Mao's later years in those that have committed a serious wrong group, not the case. The key is to see how this loss calculation. Some people have Mao Zedong's later years called the tragedy. But, in our opinion, among the outstanding contributions of Mao Zedong in his later years even if only one of one, is enough to set off the glory of their old age. Take the anti-imperialist cause of Mao Zedong in his later years, he led the Chinese to break the twenty years the U.S. imperialists against the besieged people of the Republic, the United States had to force the opening up of China. Mao's later years was his age the world is the people of the Republic of proudly independent nations of the world era. Zedong have in the world high prestige, even in the Nixon, Kissinger's eyes, in their conversation, you can feel it. Fenglei stirring in that era, the Chinese in many countries of the Third World appeal, attraction, unprecedented, international prestige, rapidly rising international status, the potential diplomatic resources to form a thick, substantial increase in international diplomatic space in the international struggle in the driving position.
for the United States, over half a million of its defeat in Vietnam had never been exposed The first defeat, coupled with the containment of China must give up, retreat from the forefront of its strategy, which means that a strategic failure, the failure of such anti-American ruler of class society is not be underestimated. on China, the victory of the Vietnam War and the related containment of the United States was forced to give up, no doubt was a strategic victory. not hard to imagine, if Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai as if they can live to the age of Churchill, the reunification of China has long been satisfactorily resolved.
seen it all in the United States of Chinese scholars Dr. Gong Zhongwu, from the Vietnam War saw the victory of the value of the Cultural Revolution. He wrote in an article in 1987, criticized the author of their evaluation of the Cultural Revolution in history is untenable. The following are two paragraphs in his article.
The goal is to reach the Cultural Revolution, because of U.S. imperialism in the military and political hegemony in East Asia largely has been devastated. If the cause of international anti-imperialist point of view, Mao's Cultural Revolution goal is to reach, because the Vietnam War dragged the United States exhausted, the United States In the era of the Nixon administration, was forced to admit the Cold War gone binary order, the world has now entered the era of multiple centers of China's resumption of UN seat .1971 broke the U.S. blockade. the Soviet Union had to admit that China is independent of its forces outside the socialist countries.
So, if we stood up in 1949, then in October 1971 China resumed the United Nations seat and in February 1972 Nixon visit to China, China has truly, the head quite chest to his feet; May 1, 1975, the U.S. military withdrawal from Vietnam and South Vietnam liberation and reunification of Vietnam, it is a sign of China's political and military power in East Asia since firmly established status. a patriotic scholar, he provides a special perspective to evaluate the Cultural Revolution, it is worth to deny those cited by the Cultural Revolution who learned of the reference. However, support for continuing the revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat and the Cultural Revolution, the doctrine of the people, it is necessary to hear and Research on a variety of criticisms and objections during the Cultural Revolution, which is to improve and enhance their theoretical level must pass through one of the ways. As happened during the Cultural Revolution many inappropriate, incorrect, inhumane acts, including the completely wrong disposal and decisions, etc., should get out completely after the re-understanding of the facts, re-disposition. can be sure that the However, the .
If he really thinks so, then what theoretical guidance along the path of this major issue, he was not far from the truth. because the standards of practice, that is, half a century, Mao Zedong led the Chinese democratic revolution and the process of socialist revolution and construction, has proved Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism with the concrete practice of China's product is a Marxist third milestone in the history of. Mao Zedong Thought as a fairly complete system is the objective truth is the Chinese people from victory to victory, building a powerful beacon for a new socialist China. along the path guidance of Mao Zedong Thought, the Chinese socialist revolution and construction, will be increased along the route forward, new socialist system can be continuously improved and developed, will be able to overcome the restoration of capitalism, toward a more ideal communist society reach the top.
Hua frankly admitted that if the instead accept the Wu Lengxi, Chen Yonggui, Wang Dongxing, who point to the discussion on the criterion of truth, into whether or not to adhere to the discussion of Mao Zedong Thought,
D Guofeng has taken the attitude of doing nothing. think they are wrong to give up to get the ...
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